Agradecimentos: AFB, AM, ARB, DCA, KMS, and SKS receive scholarships for scientific production from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific Development (CNPq). AFB, EM, and AO were supported by CEPID/BRAINN-The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (Process: 13/07559- 3). ARB receives a level A academic scholarship from the University of São Paulo Medical School. INSFB receives a PIC scholarship from UFABC to develop research in the use of noninvasive neuromodulation for the management of COVID-19. MB was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health: R01NS101362 (MB), R01NS095123 (MB), R01NS112996 (MB), R01MH111896 (MB), R01MH109289 (MB). ACPC and PS-O receive Ph.D. scholarships from the São Paulo Research Foundation/FAPESP (2018/18695-9 and 2019/10760-9, respectively) Ver menos

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) morbidity is not restricted to the respiratory system, but also affects the nervous system. Non-invasive neuromodulation may be useful in the treatment of the disorders associated with COVID-19. To describe the rationale and empirical basis of the use of non-invasive neuromodulation in the management of patients with COVID-10 and related disorders. We summarize COVID-19 pathophysiology with emphasis of direct neuroinvasiveness, neuroimmune response and inflammation, autonomic balance and neurological, musculoskeletal and neuropsychiatric sequela. This supports the development of a framework for advancing applications of non-invasive neuromodulation in the management COVID-19 and related disorders.Non-invasive neuromodulation may manage disorders associated with COVID-19 through four pathways: (1) Direct infection mitigation through the stimulation of regions involved in the regulation of systemic anti-inflammatory responses and/or autonomic responses and prevention of neuroinflammation and recovery of respiration; (2) Amelioration of COVID-19 symptoms of musculoskeletal pain and systemic fatigue; (3) Augmenting cognitive and physical rehabilitation following critical illness; and (4) Treating outbreak-related mental distress including neurological and psychiatric disorders exacerbated by surrounding psychosocial stressors related to COVID-19. The selection of the appropriate techniques will depend on the identified target treatment pathway.COVID-19 infection results in a myriad of acute and chronic symptoms, both directly associated with respiratory distress (e.g., rehabilitation) or of yet-to-be-determined etiology (e.g., fatigue). Non-invasive neuromodulation is a toolbox of techniques that based on targeted pathways and empirical evidence (largely in non-COVID-19 patients) can be investigated in the management of patients with COVID-19 Ver menos