43 registros encontrados - material ARTIGO E unidade Centro de Lógica, Epistemologia e História da Ciência
A (meta)metafísica da ciência : o caso da mecânica quântica não relativista
ARTIGO - Português
Assunto: Mecânica quântica
Resumo: Tradicionalmente, ser realista sobre algo significa crer na existência independente desse algo. Em termos ontológicos, isto é, acerca do que...
Ver mais
Resumo
Resumo: Tradicionalmente, ser realista sobre algo significa crer na existência independente desse algo. Em termos ontológicos, isto é, acerca do que há, o realismo científico pode ser entendido como envolvendo a adoção de uma ontologia que seja cientificamente informada. Mas, segundo alguns filósofos, a atitude realista deve ir além da ontologia. A forma como essa exigência tem sido entendida envolve fornecer uma metafísica para as entidades postuladas pela ciência. Discutimos como duas abordagens em voga encaram o desafio de fornecer uma metafísica para a ciência: uma forma de naturalismo e a abordagem Viking/Toolbox. Por fim, apresentamos uma terceira via, que adota o melhor das duas abordagens: o método metapopperiano, que foca em descartarmos quais as alternativas erradas, ou melhor dizendo, os perfis metafísicos incompatíveis com certas teorias. Apresentamos o método metapopperiano, um método de metametafísica capaz de avaliar objetivamente quais os perfis metafísicos que são incompatíveis com certas teorias científicas. Para isso, usaremos como estudo de caso a mecânica quântica, mostrando resultados obtidos previamente. Com esse método, podemos ver como a ciência pode ser usada para evitar o erro em questões metafísicas. Essa seria, na nossa opinião, uma forma de desenvolver uma relação produtiva entre ciência e metafísica
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Lógica epistêmica
Abstract: In the current debate there are two epistemological approaches to the definition of ignorance: the Standard View and the New View. The...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: In the current debate there are two epistemological approaches to the definition of ignorance: the Standard View and the New View. The former defines ignorance simply as not knowing, while the latter defines it as the absence of true belief. One of the main differences between these two positions lies in rejecting (Standard View) or in accepting (New View) the factivity of ignorance, i.e., if an agent is ignorant of fi, then fi is true. In the present article, we first provide a criticism of the Standard View in favour of the New View. Secondly, we propose a formal setting to represent the notion of factive ignorance
A medida do círculo : uma tradução do texto ?????? ?????S?S
ARTIGO - Multilíngua
Assunto: Arquimedes, 287 a.C.-212 a.C.
Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma tradução para o português do texto ?????? ?????S?S(Kyklou Métresis) – A Medida do Círculo, a partir do original...
Ver mais
Resumo
Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma tradução para o português do texto ?????? ?????S?S(Kyklou Métresis) – A Medida do Círculo, a partir do original grego escrito pelo matemático Arquimedes de Siracusa
A model-theoretic analysis of fidel-structures for mbC
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Lógica paraconsistente
In this paper, the class of Fidel-structures for the paraconsistent logic mbC is studied from the point of view of Model Theory and Category Theory....
Ver mais
Resumo
In this paper, the class of Fidel-structures for the paraconsistent logic mbC is studied from the point of view of Model Theory and Category Theory. The basic point is that Fidel-structures for mbC (or mbC-structures) can be seen as first-order structures over the signature of Boolean algebras expanded by two binary predicate symbols N (for negation) and O (for the consistency connective) satisfying certain Horn sentences. This perspective allows us to consider notions and results from Model Theory in order to analyze the class of mbC-structures. Thus, substructures, union of chains, direct products, direct limits, congruences and quotient structures can be analyzed under this perspective. In particular, a Birkhoff-like representation theorem for mbC-structures as subdirect products in terms of subdirectly irreducible mbC-structures is obtained by adapting a general result for first-order structures due to Caicedo. Moreover, a characterization of all the subdirectly irreducible mbC-structures is also given. An alternative decomposition theorem is obtained by using the notions of weak substructure and weak isomorphism considered by Fidel for Cn-structures.
An argument against nominalism
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Artigo original
Abstract: Nominalism in formal ontology is still the thesis that the only acceptable domain of quantification is the first-order domain of...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: Nominalism in formal ontology is still the thesis that the only acceptable domain of quantification is the first-order domain of particulars. Nominalists may assert that second-order well-formed formulas can be fully and completely interpreted within the first-order domain, thereby avoiding any ontological commitment to second-order entities, by means of an appropriate semantics called "substitutional". In this paper I argue that the success of this strategy depends on the ability of Nominalists to maintain that identity, and equivalence relations more in general, is first-order and invariant. Firstly, I explain why Nominalists are formally bound to this first-order concept of identity. Secondly, I show that the resources needed to justify identity, a certain conception of identity invariance, are out of the Nominalist’s reach
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Artigo original
Abstract: One of the characteristics of what has been called "dogwhistle politics" is the presence of a rhetoric that targets minority groups...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: One of the characteristics of what has been called "dogwhistle politics" is the presence of a rhetoric that targets minority groups implicitly. For example, terms like ‘illegals’ and ‘illegal immigrants’, used to target Latin-Americans, have come to permeate the American political discourse as well as everyday conversations. Here I focus on how such expressions, which I call illegality frame code words (IFCW, for short), can be countered by recalcitrant hearers. I begin with the assumption that IFCWs are racial code words, conversational devices that convey implicit racial appeals while allowing for deniability. I then discuss how the existence of an Illegality Frame in the American Immigration debate supports their deniability. Lastly, I discuss how recalcitrant hearers can counter utterances that contain them. In particular, I propose reframing as an adequate strategy. In reframing, agents take control of the goals or the QUD (question under discussion) of the conversation to exclude certain topics from the common ground and include others. The idea is to "change the conversation" to neutralize problematic moves. This maneuver is advantageous not only because it helps to hinder veiled discriminatory practices, but also because it affords control over "the terms of the conversation"
Counterfactuals, counteractuals, and free choice
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Livre arbítrio e determinismo
In a recent paper, Pruss (Can J Philos 43:430–437, 2013) proves the validity of the rule BETA-2 relative to Lewis’s semantics for counterfactuals,...
Ver mais
Resumo
In a recent paper, Pruss (Can J Philos 43:430–437, 2013) proves the validity of the rule BETA-2 relative to Lewis’s semantics for counterfactuals, which is a significant step forward in the debate about the consequence argument. Yet, we believe there remain intuitive counter-examples to BETA-2 formulated with the actuality operator and rigidified descriptions. We offer a novel and two-dimensional formulation of the Lewisian semantics for counterfactuals and prove the validity of a new transfer rule according to which a new version of the consequence argument can be formulated. This new transfer rule is immune to the counter-examples involving the actuality operator and rigidified descriptions. However, we show that counter-examples to this new rule can also be generated, demanding that the Lewisian semantics be generalized for higher dimensions where counter-examples can always be generated
Demonstratives and cognitive significance revisited
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Artigo original
Abstract: The issue of whether a theory of demonstratives should be able to handle Frege’s Puzzle seems rather old hat, but it was not so much...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: The issue of whether a theory of demonstratives should be able to handle Frege’s Puzzle seems rather old hat, but it was not so much resolved as left hanging. This paper tries to remedy that. I argue that a major problem not previously noticed affects any theory of demonstratives that aims at dealing with Frege’s Puzzle. This problem shows itself in cases in which the cognitive significance of a single demonstrative identity – such as ‘that is that’ – differs for participants of the same context. To accommodate such cases, I argue, we would need an implausible individualistic theory of demonstratives nobody should (or does) endorse. If so, we must look elsewhere for a solution to Frege’s Puzzle
Texto completo: https://academic.oup.com/analysis/article/83/1/61/6783553
Em busca do conteudo realista : teoria, interpretação, mecanica quantica
ARTIGO - Português
Assunto: Mecânica quântica
Resumo: Neste artigo discutimos alguns dos desafios relacionados com a formulação e adoção de uma posição realista acerca da mecânica quântica...
Ver mais
Resumo
Resumo: Neste artigo discutimos alguns dos desafios relacionados com a formulação e adoção de uma posição realista acerca da mecânica quântica não-relativística. Numa abordagem padrão à ontologia, os compromissos ontológicos das teorias científicas podem ser extraídos das mesmas. O realismo científico é a postura segundo a qual nossas melhores teorias científicas são aproximadamente verdadeiras e, por isso, seus comprometimentos ontológicos possuem uma correspondência com a realidade. A mecânica quântica problematiza essa imagem ao introduzir uma exigência de interpretação que atrela à teoria uma concepção de como a realidade deve ser. Isso gera dificuldades abrangentes: na medida em que separamos teoria e interpretação temos uma concepção clara de teoria, mas não de interpretação e de como extrair a respectiva ontologia. Por outro lado, se de alguma forma identificamos teoria e interpretação, temos uma concepção razoavelmente clara da ontologia que se quer, mas perdemos nossas melhores caracterizações de teoria e nossos métodos de extração de ontologia passam a ser inócuos. Esperamos com isso mapear os desafios para futuras rigorosas abordagens realistas à mecânica quântica
Expanding with a boolean connective
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Álgebras de Lukasiewicz
We expand with a unary connective whose algebraic counterpart is the operation that gives the greatest complemented element below a given argument. We...
Ver mais
Resumo
We expand with a unary connective whose algebraic counterpart is the operation that gives the greatest complemented element below a given argument. We prove that the expanded logic is conservative and has the Finite Model Property. We also prove that the corresponding expansion of the class of residuated lattices is an equational class.
ARTIGO - Português
Assunto: Mecânica quântica - Filosofia
Resumo: Este artigo trata de aspectos abordados aspectos históricos e filosóficos do problema da medição em mecânica quântica, com ênfase na famosa...
Ver mais
Resumo
Resumo: Este artigo trata de aspectos abordados aspectos históricos e filosóficos do problema da medição em mecânica quântica, com ênfase na famosa formulação de Erwin Schrödinger conhecida como o "paradoxo do Gato de Schrödinger". Pensado para o uso em sala de aula em cursos de filosofia da ciência a nível de graduação e pós-graduação, o artigo trata, em especial: da gênese do problema da medição (§ 1); sua conexão com os debates filosóficos sobre a localidade e separabilidade (§ 2); as consequências para debates futuros na metafísica da ciência (§ 3)
Formal issues of trope-only theories of universals
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Artigo original
Abstract: The paper discusses some formal difficulties concerning the theory of universals of Trope-Only ontologies, from which the formal theory of...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: The paper discusses some formal difficulties concerning the theory of universals of Trope-Only ontologies, from which the formal theory of predication advanced by Trope-Only theorists seems to be irremediably affected. It is impossible to lay out a successful defense of a Trope-Only theory without Russellian types, but such types are ontologically inconsistent with tropes’ nominalism. Historically, Tropists’ first way to avoid the problem is appealing to the supervenience claim, which however fails on its terms and, thus, fails as a ground for a solution to the higher-order or ‘type’ problem. A later solution involves the invariance of primitive equivalence relations in order to make universals ontologically innocuous. However, I argue that this latter solution fails to meet the requirements imposed on an ontologically unbiased nominalist attitude. So, this paper discusses how Trope-Only theories alter standard formal moves in Nominalism, and also is interested in clarifying further the formal assumptions for these problems
From modal fallacies to a new argument for fatalism
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Falácias (Lógica)
Abstract: Do incompatibilist arguments, like some fatalist arguments, rest on modal fallacies? If Westphal (2012) is right, then one popular argument...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: Do incompatibilist arguments, like some fatalist arguments, rest on modal fallacies? If Westphal (2012) is right, then one popular argument for incompatibilism - van Inwagen's "First Formal Argument" - does rest on a modal fallacy. Similarly, Warfield (2000) claims that the standard modal formulation of the master argument for incompatibilism is a modal fallacy. Here, I refute both claims. Contra Westphal, I show that the mistake in van Inwagen's "First Formal Argument" is no modal fallacy. After that, I argue that Warfield's charge of modal fallacy can be easily avoided by using a plausible principle concerning actuality. Then, I show that this allows one to put forward a fairly simple argument for fatalism (the thesis that we aren't able to do otherwise from what we actually do)
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Teoria dos conjuntos
Formal Context Analysis is a mathematical theory that enables us to find concepts from a given set of objects, a set of attributes and a relation on...
Ver mais
Resumo
Formal Context Analysis is a mathematical theory that enables us to find concepts from a given set of objects, a set of attributes and a relation on them. There is a hierarchy of such concepts, from which a complete lattice can be made. In this paper we p
How (not) to construct worlds with responsibility
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Livre arbítrio e determinismo
Abstract: In a recent article, P. Roger Turner and Justin Capes argue that no one is, or ever was, even partly morally responsible for certain...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: In a recent article, P. Roger Turner and Justin Capes argue that no one is, or ever was, even partly morally responsible for certain world-indexed truths. Here we present our reasons for thinking that their argument is unsound: It depends on the premise that possible worlds are maximally consistent states of affairs, which is, under plausible assumptions concerning states of affairs, demonstrably false. Our argument to show this is based on Bertrand Russell’s original ‘paradox of propositions’. We should then opt for a different approach to explain world-indexed truths whose upshot is that we may be (at least partly) morally responsible for some of them. The result to the effect that there are no maximally consistent states of affairs is independently interesting though, since this notion motivates an account of the nature of possible worlds in the metaphysics of modality. We also register in this article, independently of our response to Turner and Capes, and in the spirit of Russell’s aforementioned paradox and many other versions thereof, a proof of the claim that there is no set of all true propositions one can render false
Inferências e subdeterminações na filosofia da ciência
ARTIGO - Português
Assunto: Indução
Abstract: This article discusses the relationship between the question of inferences in the contexts of justification in science, namely what became...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: This article discusses the relationship between the question of inferences in the contexts of justification in science, namely what became known as the "induction problem" after Hume, in order to clarify different versions of the problems of underdetermination in the philosophy of science. In the first section, we briefly clarify some notions of "inference" and the issues of amplifying inferences. We show how this problem was inserted in the debate on the justification of scientific theories through alternative solutions and its connections with the problems of underdetermination. In sections 2 and 3, we present concrete cases of underdetermination —in general philosophy of science and in the debate about the metaphysical profile of the individuality of non-relativistic quantum mechanics objects as an example and a case study, respectively. Section 4 concludes by connecting all the sections
Infinito e enumerabilidade : uma apresentação do trabalho inaugural de Cantor
ARTIGO - Português
Assunto: Artigo original
Resumo: No presente artigo, realizamos uma exposição do artigo "Über eine Eigenschaft des Inbegriffes aller reellen algebraischen Zahlen", de Cantor...
Ver mais
Resumo
Resumo: No presente artigo, realizamos uma exposição do artigo "Über eine Eigenschaft des Inbegriffes aller reellen algebraischen Zahlen", de Cantor (1932). Para tanto, buscamos nos manter fiéis ao desenvolvimento realizado por Cantor, ao mesmo tempo em que atualizamos a terminologia e incluímos exemplos, com o objetivo de simplificar a compreensão do argumento pelo leitor contemporâneo
Issues concerning linguistic meaning and form : introductory remarks
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Artigo original
Abstract: In this introduction we present Patrick Duffley's book Linguistic Meaning meets Linguistic Form, as well as the contributions that each...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: In this introduction we present Patrick Duffley's book Linguistic Meaning meets Linguistic Form, as well as the contributions that each scholar has brought into the debate on linguistic meaning and form. They deal with semantic and foundational issues regarding a sign-based approach to meaning
Linguistic meaning meets linguistic form in action
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Artigo original
Abstract: In this paper we suggest that Duffley’s sign-based semantics rests on two main claims: a methodological one and an ontological one. The...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: In this paper we suggest that Duffley’s sign-based semantics rests on two main claims: a methodological one and an ontological one. The methodological one is the analysis of corpora and the ontological one is the postulate of mental content. By adopting a linguistic enactivist perspective with a Wittgensteinian twist, we endorse Duffley’s methodological claim and suggest that a sign-based semantics doesn’t have to rely on mental content if it takes into account the conception of meaningful material engagement in cognitive archeology and its development into sign-using as an enactive capacity
Logics of ignorance and being wrong
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Artigo original
Abstract: This article investigates the connections between the logics of being wrong, introduced in Steinsvold (2011, Notre Dame J. Form. Log., 52,...
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: This article investigates the connections between the logics of being wrong, introduced in Steinsvold (2011, Notre Dame J. Form. Log., 52, 245–253), and factive ignorance, presented in Kubyshkina and Petrolo (2021, Synthese, 198, 5917–5928). The first part of the paper provides a sound and complete axiomatization of the logic of factive ignorance that corrects errors in Kubyshkina and Petrolo (2021, Synthese, 198, 5917–5928) and resolves questions about the expressivity of the language. In the second half, it is shown that the relationship between the two logics suggests an alternative axiomatization for the logic of factive ignorance, the adequacy of which is easily proved via straightforward translations
Texto completo: https://academic.oup.com/jigpal/article/30/5/870/6323820
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Engenharia biomédica
Abstract: As technology evolves, the role of medical equipment in the healthcare system, as well as technology management, becomes more important....
Ver mais
Resumo
Abstract: As technology evolves, the role of medical equipment in the healthcare system, as well as technology management, becomes more important. Although the existence of large databases containing management information is currently common, extracting useful information from them is still difficult. A useful tool for identification of frequently failing equipment, which increases maintenance cost and downtime, would be the classification according to the corrective maintenance data. Nevertheless, establishment of classes may create inconsistencies, since an item may be close to two classes by the same extent. Paraconsistent logic might help solve this problem, as it allows the existence of inconsistent (contradictory) information without trivialization. In this paper, a methodology for medical equipment classification based on the ABC analysis of corrective maintenance data is presented, and complemented with a paraconsistent annotated logic analysis, which may enable the decision maker to take into consideration alerts created by the identification of inconsistencies and indeterminacies in the classification
Notas sobre o misticismo racional de Erwin Schrödinger
ARTIGO - Português
Assunto: Schrodinger, Erwin, 1887-1961
Resumo: Frequentemente referido como um dos "pais da mecânica quântica", o pensamento de Erwin Schrödinger foi popularizado pelas suas contribuições...
Ver mais
Resumo
Resumo: Frequentemente referido como um dos "pais da mecânica quântica", o pensamento de Erwin Schrödinger foi popularizado pelas suas contribuições na física contemporânea. No entanto, tal pensador contribuiu para a discussão acerca dos limites do pensamento filosófico e da fundamentação última da realidade, principalmente nos seus escritos tardios. O presente artigo aborda tais discussões, tendo como fio condutor a noção schrödingeriana de ‘consciência’ e as implicações éticas de tal concepção
ARTIGO - Português
Assunto: Tradução
Resumo: No presente artigo, apresentamos a tradução ao português e a transcrição alemã do artigo intitulado "Ueber eine elementare Frage der...
Ver mais
Resumo
Resumo: No presente artigo, apresentamos a tradução ao português e a transcrição alemã do artigo intitulado "Ueber eine elementare Frage der Mannigfaltigkeitslehre" (1890–91), no qual Cantor introduz o seu famoso "Método da Diagonal". No ensaio introdutório, fazemos algumas considerações acerca do infinito e dos problemas correlatos, bem como apresentamos alguns elementos para colocar a história do infinito numa perspectiva cultural mais ampla
On an operation with regular elements
ARTIGO - Inglês
Assunto: Variedades (Álgebra universal)
In this paper, we prove that the class of meet-complemented lattices expanded with the greatest regular below, which is right adjoint to the double...
Ver mais
Resumo
In this paper, we prove that the class of meet-complemented lattices expanded with the greatest regular below, which is right adjoint to the double meet-complement, is an equational class satisfying the Stone equality. It is also the case that the class of distributive meet-complemented lattices with the greatest regular below is the same as the class of Stone distributive meet-complemented lattices with the greatest Boolean below