Agradecimentos: Acknowledgements RAW wishes to thank the College of Science and Engineering at James Cook University for financial support (Competitive Research Training Grants 2021 and 2022). Open access publishing facilitated by James Cook University, as part of the Wiley – James Cook University agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians Ver menos

Abstract: Biodiesel is produced on a large scale as an eco-friendly substitute and additive to fossil fuels. Catalytic homogeneous processes using strong acids, alkalis, and natural oils have been realized in industry. However, these traditional methods have several disadvantages, such as the generation of large volumes of waste, high water and reagent needs, use of hazardous reagents, high operation costs, and utilization of valuable feedstocks and catalysis, respectively. Different solutions have subsequently been investigated, such as cheap alternative feedstocks, co-solvents and catalysts, sustainable operational conditions, advanced reactor designs and scales, and advantageous pre- and post-reaction treatments. This review explores and analyzes the main aspects of current biodiesel technologies and opportunities. It also describes some advanced improvement strategies. Biodiesel is regarded as an eco-friendly substitute and additive to fossil fuels. However, the traditional routes for its production have several disadvantages. Different solutions have been investigated, such as feedstocks, catalysts, reactor designs, and scales. This review explores and analyzes the main aspects of current biodiesel technologies and opportunities, and also describes some advanced improvement strategies Ver menos